The Characteristics of Wise Reasoning – IELTS Reading Answers

‘The Characteristics of Wise Reasoning’ is an academic reading passage that has appeared in an IELTS Test. Since questions get repeated in the IELTS exam, these kinds of reading passages are ideal for practice. If you want more practice, try taking a whole IELTS reading practice test.

Since IELTS Reading is considered the second easiest module of the exam after Listening, try to solve and review ‘The Characteristics of Wise Reasoning’ Reading passages and similar passages to ensure that your reading skills are up to the mark.

The question types found in the ‘The Characteristics of Wise Reasoning’ passage are:

• Multiple-Choice Questions (Q. 1-4)
• Summary Completion (Q. 5-9)
• True/False/Not Given (Q. 10-14)’

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Reading Passage

The Characteristics of Wise Reasoning

How to make wise decisions

Across cultures, wisdom has been considered one of the most revered human qualities. Although the truly wise may seem few and far between, empirical research examining wisdom suggests that it isn’t an exceptional trait possessed by a small handful of bearded philosophers after all – in fact, the latest studies suggest that most of us have the ability to make wise decisions, given the right context.

‘It appears that experiential, situational, and cultural factors are even more powerful in shaping wisdom than previously imagined,’ says Associate Professor Igor Grossmann of the University of Waterloo in Ontario, Canada. ‘Recent empirical findings from cognitive, developmental, social, and personality psychology cumulatively suggest that people’s ability to reason wisely varies dramatically across experiential and situational contexts. Understanding the role of such contextual factors offers unique insights into understanding wisdom in daily life, as well as how it can be enhanced and taught.’

It seems that it’s not so much that some people simply possess wisdom and others lack it, but that our ability to reason wisely depends on a variety of external factors. ‘It is impossible to characterize thought processes attributed to wisdom without considering the role of contextual factors,’ explains Grossmann. ‘In other words, wisdom is not solely an “inner quality” but rather unfolds as a function of situations people happen to be in. Some situations are more likely to promote wisdom than others.’

Coming up with a definition of wisdom is challenging, but Grossmann and his colleagues have identified four key characteristics as part of a framework of wise reasoning. One is intellectual humility or recognition of the limits of our own knowledge, and another is appreciation of perspectives wider than the issue at hand. Sensitivity to the possibility of change in social relations is also key, along with compromise or integration of different attitudes and beliefs.

Grossmann and his colleagues have also found that one of the most reliable ways to support wisdom in our own day-to-day decisions is to look at scenarios from a third-party perspective, as though giving advice to a friend. Research suggests that when adopting a first-person viewpoint we focus on ‘the focal features of the environment’ and when we adopt a third-person, ‘observer’ viewpoint we reason more broadly and focus more on interpersonal and moral ideals such as justice and impartiality. Looking at problems from this more expansive viewpoint appears to foster cognitive processes related to wise decisions.

What are we to do, then, when confronted with situations like a disagreement with a spouse or negotiating a contract at work, that require us to take a personal stake? Grossmann argues that even when we aren’t able to change the situation, we can still evaluate these experiences from different perspectives.

For example, in one experiment that took place during the peak of a recent economic recession, graduating college seniors were asked to reflect on their job prospects. The students were instructed to imagine their career either ‘as if you were a distant observer’ or ‘before your own eyes as if you were right there’. Participants in the group assigned to the ‘distant observer’ role displayed more wisdom-related reasoning (intellectual humility and recognition of change) than did participants in the control group.

In another study, couples in long-term romantic relationships were instructed to visualize an unresolved relationship conflict either through the eyes of an outsider or from their own perspective. Participants then discussed the incident with their partner for 10 minutes, after which they wrote down their thoughts about it. Couples in the ‘other’s eyes’ condition were significantly more likely to rely on wise reasoning – recognizing others’ perspectives and searching for a compromise – compared to the couples in the egocentric condition.

‘Ego-decentering promotes greater focus on others and enables a bigger picture, conceptual view of the experience, affording recognition of intellectual humility and change,’ says Grossmann.

We might associate wisdom with intelligence or particular personality traits, but research shows only a small positive relationship between wise thinking and crystallized intelligence and the personality traits of openness and agreeableness. ‘It is remarkable how much people can vary in their wisdom from one situation to the next, and how much stronger such contextual effects are for understanding the relationship between wise judgment and its social and affective outcomes as compared to the generalized “traits”,’ Grossmann explains. ‘That is, knowing how wisely a person behaves in a given situation is more informative for understanding their emotions or likelihood to forgive [or] retaliate as compared to knowing whether the person may be wise “in general”.’

Questions 1-4

1 What point does the writer make in the first paragraph?

A Wisdom appears to be unique to the human race.

B A basic assumption about wisdom may be wrong.

C Concepts of wisdom may depend on the society we belong to.

D There is still much to be discovered about the nature of wisdom.

2 What does Igor Grossmann suggest about the ability to make wise decisions?

A It can vary greatly from one person to another.

B Earlier research into it was based on unreliable data.

C The importance of certain influences on it was underestimated.

D Various branches of psychology define it according to their own criteria.

3 According to the third paragraph, Grossmann claims that the level of wisdom an individual shows

A can be greater than they think it is.

B will be different in different circumstances.

C may be determined by particular aspects of their personality.

D should develop over time as a result of their life experiences.

4 What is described in the fifth paragraph?

A a difficulty encountered when attempting to reason wisely

B an example of the type of person who is likely to reason wisely

C a controversial view about the benefits of reasoning wisely

D a recommended strategy that can help people to reason wisely

Questions 5-9

The characteristics of wise reasoning

Igor Grossmann and colleagues have established four characteristics which enable us to make wise decisions. It is important to have a certain degree of 5 ………………….. regarding the extent of our knowledge, and to take into account 6 ………………….. which may not be the same as our own. We should also be able to take a broad 7 ………………….. of any situation. Another key characteristic is being aware of the likelihood of alterations in the way that people relate to each other.

Grossmann also believes that it is better to regard scenarios with 8………………….. . By avoiding the first-person perspective, we focus more on 9 ………………….. and on other moral ideals, which in turn leads to wiser decision-making.

A opinions

B confidence

C view

D modesty

E problems

F objectivity

G fairness

H experiences

I range

J reasons

Questions 10-14

10 Students participating in the job prospects experiment could choose one of two perspectives to take.

11 Participants in the couples experiment were aware that they were taking part in a study about wise reasoning.

12 In the couples experiments, the length of the couples’ relationships had an impact on the results.

13 In both experiments, the participants who looked at the situation from a more detached viewpoint tended to make wiser decisions.

14 Grossmann believes that a person’s wisdom is determined by their intelligence to only a very limited extent.

‘The Characteristics of Wise Reasoning’ IELTS Reading Answers With Location and Explanation 

Read further for the explanations and location of the ‘The Characteristics of Wise Reasoning’ IELTS Reading answer

1 Answer: B

Question type: Multiple-Choice Questions

Answer Location: Paragraph 1, Line 3-4

Answer explanation: The first paragraph suggests that a basic assumption about wisdom may be wrong, as it discusses how recent research challenges the idea that wisdom is an exceptional trait possessed by only a few individuals. Hence the answer is B.

2  Answer: C

Question type: Multiple-Choice Questions

Answer Location: Paragraph 2, Line 1

Answer explanation: In the second paragraph, Igor Grossmann suggests that the ability to make wise decisions depends on experiential, situational, and cultural factors, and these factors play a significant role in shaping wisdom. Hence, the answer is C.

3 Answer: B

Question type: Multiple-Choice Questions

Answer Location: Paragraph 3, Line 4

Answer explanation: According to the third paragraph, Grossmann argues that people’s ability to reason wisely varies dramatically across experiential and situational contexts, indicating that the level of wisdom can be different in different circumstances. Hence, the answer is A.

4  Answer: D

Question type: Multiple-Choice Questions

Answer Location: Paragraph 5, Line 4

Answer explanation: The fifth paragraph describes a recommended strategy to foster wise reasoning: looking at scenarios from a third-party perspective, as though giving advice to a friend. Hence, the answer is G.

5 Answer: Modesty

Question type: Summary Completion

Answer Location: Paragraph 4, line 3

Answer explanation: The answer is in the fourth paragraph, third line. It claims that the most important quality is intellectual humility, or the understanding of our own knowledge’s limitations. Hence the answer is Modesty.

Tips for Answering the Question Types in the ‘The Characteristics of Wise Reasoning’ IELTS Reading Passage

Let us check out some IELTS exam preparation tips to answer the types of questions in ‘The Characteristics of Wise Reasoning’ the IELTS reading passage.

Multiple Choice Questions:

You will be given a reading passage followed by several questions based on the information in the paragraph in multiple choice questions. Your task is to understand the question and compare it to the paragraph to select the best solution from the available possibilities.

• Before reading the passage, read the question and select the keywords. Check the keyword possibilities if the question statement is short on information.
• Then, using the keywords, read the passage to find the relevant information.
• To select the correct option, carefully read the relevant words and match them with each option.
• You will find several options with keywords that do not correspond to the information.
• Try opting for the elimination method mostly.
• Find the best option by matching the meaning rather than just the keywords.

Summary Completion:

Summary Completion is a type of IELTS reading question that requires you to fill in a gap in a sentence with a word or phrase from the passage.

To answer these questions, you can use the following strategies:

• Read the sentence carefully, hence this will give you an idea of the type of word or phrase that is missing.
• Scan the passage for the keywords in the sentence as they can help you to identify the correct word or phrase.
• Read the sentence with the missing word or phrase, hence this will help you to see how the word or phrase fits into the sentence.
• Check your answer once you have filled in the gaps. Make sure that your answer makes sense in the context of the sentence.

True/False/Not Given: 

True/False/Not Given questions are a type of IELTS Reading question that requires you to identify whether a statement is true, false, or not given in the passage.

• True statements are statements that are explicitly stated in the passage.
• False statements are statements that are explicitly contradicted in the passage.
• Not Given statements are statements that are neither explicitly stated nor contradicted in the passage

To answer True/False/Not Given questions, you need to be able to understand the passage and identify the key information. You also need to be able to distinguish between statements that are explicitly stated, contradicted, and not given.

Great work on attempting to solve the ‘The Characteristics of Wise Reasoning’ IELTS reading passage! To crack your IELTS Reading in the first go, try solving more of the reading passages.

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