Depression, The Face Of Modern Man?, Clinical Trials Reading Answers
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The IELTS Reading passage, Depression, along with the other two Academic passages – The Face Of Modern Man? and Clinical Trials makes this a complete Reading practice test.
You will have 60 minutes to complete the whole test, which consists of 40 questions in total.
Here are the question types in this reading test
Reading Passage 1 (Depression)
- Matching information
- Multiple Choice Questions
- Summary completion
Reading Passage 2 (The Face Of Modern Man?)
- Matching headings
- True or False / Not
- Given Matching features
Reading Passage 3 ( Clinical Trials )
- Sentence completion
- Multiple Choice Questions
- Flowchart completion
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Reading Passage 1
The Academic passage ‘Depression’ is a reading passage that appeared in an IELTS Test.
The question types found in this passage are:
Matching Information Questions
In this type of question, a list which contains information taken from the paragraphs. You are asked to find out the paragraph from which the information is taken. Sometimes the question may be tricky because the information given might not be in exact words as given in the paragraph instead it will be paraphrased so you need to read the paragraph to understand the meaning/idea behind it to answer these questions.
Multiple Choice Questions
IELTS reading multiple choice questions have about 3-4 options from which we have to choose our answer. This might be in the form of a question & answer type or a choose a correct ending to a sentence type. These answers appear in chronological order according to the passage.
Summary Completion
In this type of question, you will be provided with a summary of information from a text, and there will be a few gaps. You will either get a list of words to be filled in the gaps or you could be asked to find answers from the reading passage. You will have to insert a few words from the text into the gaps. All of the information in the summary will also be available in the reading text. However, they will be using paraphrasing and synonyms. Thus, you cannot expect to find the exact words.
Depression
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on the Reading Passage below. Find the practice test with the Depression PDF here.
Question 1-5
Reading Passage 1 has seven sections A-G.
Write the correct letters A-G next to 1-5 on your answer sheet.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
1 Details of treatment alternatives for worst-case scenario depression.
2 Information regarding cases where drug treatment is inappropriate.
3 Details of how those diagnosed with depression may be more vulnerable than other members of society.
4 Information about society’s attitudes to depression and similar illnesses.
5 Information regarding why estimates of the incidence of future growth in cases may be overly exaggerated.
Questions 6-8
Choose THREE letters A-G.
Write your answers next to 6-8 on your answer sheet.
NB Your answers may be given in any order
Which THREE of the following statements are true of depression?
A Governments have generally failed to take action to educate the general public about the condition.
B The highest reported number of cases is in the USA.
C In Britain, it is likely that there are more individuals who live with the condition without the help of a doctor than those being officially treated.
D Clinical depression may be triggered by divorce.
E Lethargy may be one of the symptoms of depression.
F Prescribed pharmaceuticals have radically changed over recent years.
G Approaches to treating depression are not universal.
Questions 9-13
Complete the summary of paragraphs F and G with the list of words A-L below.
Write the correct letter A-L in the blank spaces next to 9-13 on your answer sheet.
Whilst recovery through counselling rather than medicine may be more 9 ________________ , results once achieved may have more 10 ________________ with some patients. Counselling sessions are geared towards improving the subject’s relationship with others and their own 11 _______________, encouraging sufferers of depression to take on a more 12 _______________ outlook. The extent to which genetic disposition and sociological factors impact on state of mind is 13_________________. Many people undergoing counselling therapy do so with the purpose of unlearning negative behaviour and reactions.
A gratifying
B longevity
C ambition
D optimistic
E pessimistic
F difficulty
G inconclusive
H self-image
I gradual
J unequivocal
K immediate
L categorical
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Reading Passage 2
The Academic passage ‘The Face of Modern Man?’ is a reading passage that appeared in an IELTS Test.
The question types found in this passage are:
Matching Headings
In this type of question, a list of headings will be given and you are asked to match these headings with a paragraph in the passage. You should read the headings before you begin reading the text. To get the correct answer, you have to read the complete paragraph and not just stop with the first few lines of the paragraph. There will also be many other headings that are not related to any of the paragraphs given in the passage, in such cases, try to identify those types of headings too.
True/False/Not Given Questions
These questions are very tricky. This question consists of several statements – If the statement is present in the article as it is then you need to mark it as true. If the statement is found to be the opposite of the sentence which is there then it should be marked as false. If the statement given in the question is not at all present in the article then it should be marked as not given. Do not spend a lot of time finding the sentence which is not there.
Matching Features
In this type of question, there will be a list of items in the box and you need to match these items by reading and understanding some sentences in the passages. The list may be of the name of people or cities. For example, If there is a name of a person in the box of items then the question may be to match the sentence with the person who said them. Like other types of match questions, some of the items mentioned may not be available in the passage. So, to save time read the passage before answering each question.
The Face of Modern man?
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-27, which are based on the Reading Passage below. Find the practice test with The Face of Modern man? PDF here.
Questions 14-18
Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs A-G.
Write the correct number i to viii in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B-D and F-G from the list of headings below.
List of Headings
i. Basis and predictions
ii. Revolution or recurrence?
iii. Servicing a growing demand
iv. The surfacing of a new phenomenon
v. A long-held mindset and its downsides
vi. Influence on minors
vii. Hereditary predilection
viii. Effects of external pressures
Example: Paragraph E; Answer: viii
14 Paragraph B
15 Paragraph C
16 Paragraph D
17 Paragraph F
18 Paragraph G
Questions 19-22
FALSE, if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN, if there is no information on this.
19 Sales in the female health and beauty market have slightly declined over recent years.
20 The rise of ‘dandyism’ in England and France is attributed to similar factors.
21 An emotional reaction is contradictory to hegemonic masculine behaviour.
22 There is a correlation between men’s belief that they are indestructible and their decreased likelihood to seek medical advice.
Questions 23-27
Look at the following list of statements (Questions 23-27) based on changes in male image and behavior.
Match each statement with the correct person A-E.
Write the correct letters A-E in boxes 23-27 on your answer sheet.
23 Male behaviour patterns have changed in a way that would have been considered implausible in the past.
24 Traditional benchmarks of masculinity are often exacerbated by the press.
25 Metro-sexual culture has developed as a response to modern men’s dissatisfaction with traditional images.
26 The need to conform to society’s expectations of male behaviour may impede men’s decision-making and judgment.
27 There is potential in a market which makes no differentiation between products for males and females.
List of Contributors
A Jamie Cawley
B Kim Sawyer
C Jim Howard
D Professor Ruth Chesterton
E Ben Cameron
Reading Passage 3
The Academic passage ‘Clinical Trials’ is a reading passage that appeared in an IELTS Test.
The question types found in this passage are:
Sentence completion
In sentence completion, you’ll be asked to fill in the blank spaces using the words given in the text. It is important to pay close attention to the instructions that are given in the question because in some instructions there will be a word limit mentioned and you may lose marks if you don’t follow it.
Multiple Choice Questions
In this type of question, you have about 3-4 options from which we have to choose our answer. This might be in the form of a question & answer type or a choose a correct ending to a sentence type. These answers appear in chronological order according to the passage.
Flow Chart Questions
A Flow chart question is a form of a question with a series of steps (in sequential order) and is widely used to represent the flow of algorithms, workflow, or processes. Typically, a flowchart shows the order by connecting the sentences with arrows. A flowchart question is where you need to complete the sentences with blank spaces. The Flowchart contains statements or short sentences with upward or downward directing arrows between the texts. The flow chart can be in horizontal or vertical directions.
Clinical Trials
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 28-40, which are based on the Reading Passage below. Find the practice test with the Clinical Trials PDF here.
Questions 28-31
Complete the sentences below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in the blank spaces next to 28-31 on your answer sheet.
28 In advanced cases of scurvy suffers may experience _______________ along with numerous other symptoms.
29 Fruit adds were mistakenly heralded as having ______________ in incidents of scurvy prior to the identification of vitamins.
30 Lind’s subjects for the first clinical trial were seamen who were at the time ______________ of the condition in question.
31 All groups in Lind’s experiment were given a _____________ along with specific rations which were varied for each control group.
Questions 32-35
Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D
Write your answers next to 32 – 35 on your answer sheet.
32 The first clinical trial was conducted for only 5 days because
A that period of time was the planned protocol.
B the subjects in the relevant control group had already recovered.
C resources fundamental to the experiment were used up.
D those taking part in the trial were too sick to continue.
33 The impact of findings from the trial were not used to full potential because
A Lind failed to recommend the consumption of citrus fruit.
B ineffective substitutes were often made available.
C other physicians were unconvinced by his evidence.
D the trial was not conducted over a long enough period to be valid.
34 One of the greatest hindrances to clinical testing today is
A low volunteer rates.
B the poor success rate.
C the strict protocol.
D shortage of laboratory staff.
35 Clinical testing for HIV and cancer drugs differs from usual procedures because
A the clinical trial phase is much longer.
B the MAD instead of the SAD approach is used during Phase I.
C subjects exhibiting no symptoms of the illness are not used.
D effectiveness is more rigorously tested than safety.
Questions 36-40
Complete the flowchart.Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in the blank spaces next to 36-40 on your answer sheet.
Phases of Clinical Testing
| Phase 0
10-15 subjects tested to confirm assumptions made in the 36____________ stages were accurate. |
| Phase I
2 different approaches may be used. One involving one-off exposure to the drug the other involving a 37________________. |
| Phase II
May involve two sub-stages to establish 38________________ quantities and usefulness. |
| Phase III
The most 39______________ , protracted and costly of all stages. Submissions made post- testing at this stage of all is agreeable. |
| Phase IV
Precautionary monitoring continues post-launch. Any serious issues uncovered can, on occasion, result in 40________________. |
Answers
Depression Reading Answers (Passage 1)
1.
Answer: E
Question type: Matching Information
Answer location: Paragraph E, 2nd last line
Answer explanation: In the said paragraph it is mentioned that “the more controversial electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) may also be used where initial approaches fail. In extreme cases, where an individual exhibits behaviour which indicates that they may cause physical harm to themselves, psychiatric hospitalization may be necessary as a form of intensive therapy.” From the given information we can deduce that alternative treatments for worst-case scenario depression-like ECT and hospitalization can be used.
2.
Answer: F
Question type: Matching Information
Answer location: Paragraph F, line 1
Answer explanation: Few lines in the said paragraph convey that “some recent studies, such as those published by the Archives of General Psychiatry, hold that around a quarter of diagnosed clinical depression cases should actually be considered as significant but none-the-less ordinary sadness and maladjustment to coping with trials in life, indicating that in such cases, psychotherapy rather than treatment through medication is required.” Thus, the author states that ordinary sadness and maladjustment cases should be considered as cases where drug treatment is inappropriate.
3.
Answer: C
Question type: Matching Information
Answer location: Paragraph C, last line
Answer explanation: If you read thoroughly, there’s a line that claims “sufferers of clinical depression are said to be at higher risk of resorting to drug abuse or even suicide attempts than the rest of the population.” This line helps to confirm that clinically depressed patients are more vulnerable to drugs abuse or suicide attempts than other members of society.
4.
Answer: A
Question type: Matching Information
Answer location: Paragraph A, line 2
Answer explanation: In the said paragraph, you can point out that “there is often a stigma attached to being mentally ill or a belief that such conditions only exist in individuals who lack the strength of character to cope with the real world.” The term stigma means disgrace. Hence, this line provides the information that there is a disgrace or shame attached to the mental or similar illness.
5.
Answer: B
Question type: Matching Information
Answer location: Paragraph B, last line
Answer explanation: If you read thoroughly, a line in the passage specifies that ” World Health Organisation projections indicate that clinical depression may become the second most significant cause of disability’ on a global scale by 2020. However, such figures are not unanimously supported, as some experts believe that the diagnostic criteria used to identify՛ the condition are not precise enough, leading to other types of depression being wrongly classified as ‘clinical’.” Here, it is mentioned that the current diagnostic criteria are not precise enough, which can lead to wrong diagnosis of the future.
6.
Answer: C (C or E or G: in any order)
Question type: Multiple Choice Questions
Answer location: Paragraph B, line 4
Answer explanation: In the said paragraph, you can refer to, “studies have shown that this disorder is the leading cause of disability in North America; in the UK almost 3 million people are said to be diagnosed with some form of depression at any one time, and experts believe that as many as a further 9 million other cases may go undiagnosed.” The term undiagnosed has been paraphrased to more individuals who live with the condition without the help of a doctor.
7.
Answer: E (C or E or G : in any order)
Question type: Multiple Choice Questions
Answer location: Paragraph C, line 4
Answer explanation: The entire sentence has been paraphrased here. In the passage, it states that “clinical depression is classified as an on-going state of negativity, with no tangible cause, where sufferers enter a spiral of persistent negative thinking, often experiencing irritability, perpetual tiredness, and listlessness.” From this line, we can list down various symptoms of depression and tiredness is one of them. Moreover, the term tiredness has been paraphrased as lethargy in the question.
8.
Answer: G (C or E or G : in any order)
Question type: Multiple Choice Questions
Answer location: Paragraph E, line 5
Answer explanation: You can note the paraphrasing here. In the passage, it states that “treatment approaches vary quite dramatically from place to place and are often tailored to an individual’s particular situation; however, some variation of a combination of medication and psychotherapy is most commonly used.” The term “approaches vary quite dramatically from place to place” has been paraphrased to “approaches are not universal”.
9.
Answer: I
Question type: Summary Completion
Answer location: Paragraph F, line 3
Answer explanation: A line in the paragraph denotes that “recovery as a result of psychotherapy tends, in most cases, to be a slower process than improvements related to medication” psychotherapy or the counseling sessions are considered slower in results. The term slower has been paraphrased to gradual in the question. Hence, the correct answer is gradual.
Answer: B
Question type: Summary Completion
Answer location: Paragraph F, line 3
Answer explanation: Paragraph F puts forward the information that “improvements as a result of psychological treatment, once achieved, have been observed in some individuals to be more long term and sustainable than those attained through prescription drugs.” Here the term long-term and sustainable has been paraphrased to longevity.
Answer: H
Question type: Summary Completion
Answer location: Paragraph F, line 4
Answer explanation: Few lines in the said paragraph convey that “various counselling approaches exist, though all focus on enhancing the subject’s ability to function on a personal and interpersonal level.” Here the term “to function on a personal and interpersonal level” has been paraphrased to self-image in the question.
Answer: D
Question type: Summary Completion
Answer location: Paragraph F, line 5
Answer explanation: If you observe clearly, it is mentioned that “sessions involve encouragement of an individual to view themselves and their relationships in a more positive manner, with the intention of helping patients to replace negative thoughts with a more positive outlook.” The term positive manner in the text has been paraphrased to optimistic. Hence, we can deduce that counselors suggest patients take a more optimistic outlook.
Answer: G
Question type: Summary Completion
Answer location: Paragraph G, line
Answer explanation: The answer is clearly mentioned in the said paragraph and line. You must note the paraphrasing here. In the passage, it is said that “however, it remains unclear as to whether this is truly an inherited genetic trait or whether biological and environmental factors common to family members may be at the root of the problem.” Here, the term unclear has been paraphrased to inconclusive.
The Face Of Modern Man? Reading Answers (Passage 2)
Answer: iii
Question type: Matching Headings
Answer location: Paragraph B, line 1
Answer explanation: You can note the paraphrasing here. In the passage, it states that “over the last decade, a large number of brands and companies catering for the enhancement of the male image have been successfully established, such operations ranging from male-only spas, boutiques, personal hygiene products, hair and skincare ranges, and male magazines with a strong leaning towards men’s fashion.” The paragraph focuses on how the industry has responded to metro-sexual demand for products. Hence, the appropriate heading for the passage would be servicing a growing demand.
Answer: ii
Question type: Matching Headings
Answer location: Paragraph C, line 2
Answer explanation: According to a line in the said paragraph “Traditionalists such as journalist Jim Howard contend that the turn-around in male attitudes which has led to the success of the industry would have been inconceivable a decade ago. Behavioural scientist Professor Ruth Chesterton argues that the metro-sexual man of today is in fact a modern incarnation of the ‘dandy’ of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century.” Turn around in attitude means revolution, “a modern incarnation of the ‘dandy’ of the late eighteenth century” means recurrence.
Answer: v
Question type: Matching Headings
Answer location: Paragraph D, line 4
Answer explanation: If you read thoroughly, a line in the passage specifies that the long-held mindset about males and its negative/downside impact on them. The author mentions that “meeting this list of criteria and avoiding situations of demonstrating weakness, being overly emotional or in any way ’inferior’, he says, has placed a great deal of pressure on many members of the male population. So restrictive can society’s pressure to behave in a ‘masculine’ fashion on males be.”
Answer: vii
Question type: Matching Headings
Answer location: Paragraph E, last line
Answer explanation: If you read thoroughly there is a line that suggests “whilst male stereotypes and ideals vary from culture to culture, according to Professor Chesterton, a universal trait in stereotypical male behaviour is an increased likelihood to take risks than is generally found in female behaviour patterns.” Since the term predilection means biases in favor of something. Thus, we can infer that the idea of a male hugely from decades across various cultures. However, it is commonly believed that males take more risks than their female counterparts. Since it is positively inclined towards the males in society, the belief is to be biased.
Answer: i
Question type: Matching Headings
Answer location: Paragraph G, last line
Answer explanation: The answer is clearly mentioned in the said paragraph and line. You must note the paraphrasing here. In the passage, it is said that “he attributes this to a male revolt against the strict confines of gender roles, adding that such changes of attitudes have led and will continue to lead to the establishment of greater equality between the sexes.” Thus, this paragraph focuses on the possible basis of the metro-sexual culture and predicts the possible trends in the future.
Answer: NOT GIVEN
Question type: True/False/Not Given Questions
Answer location: N/A
Answer explanation: If you observe clearly paragraph A and B mentions the figures and growth of the male market, but there is no mention of anything about the rise or decline of health and beauty products in the female market.
Answer: FALSE
Question type: True/False/Not Given Questions
Answer location: Paragraph C, line 3
Answer explanation: The answer is clearly mentioned in the said paragraph and line. You must note the paraphrasing here. In the passage, it is said that “British dandies of that period, who were often of middle-class backgrounds but imitated aristocratic lifestyles, were devoted to the cultivation of their physical appearance, development of a refined demeanor and hedonistic pursuits. In France, she adds, dandyism, in contrast, was also strongly linked to political ideology and embraced by youths wishing to clearly define themselves from members of the working class revolutionary social groups of the period.” From the term ‘in contrast’ in the given line we can conclude that the factors attributed to the rise of dandyism in England were different from France.
Answer: TRUE
Question type: True/False/Not Given Questions
Answer location: Paragraph D, line 3
Answer explanation: Paragraph G puts forward the information that ” Professor Chesterton, states that in many situations men may respond in a way they deem acceptable to society, given their perceived gender role, rather than giving what they may actually consider being the best and most objective response.” According to sociologist Ben Cameron, satisfying the principles of hegemonic masculinity, which require men in Western society to demonstrate physical strength and fitness by avoiding situations where they show weakness have made men to display society approved reactions rather than their emotions from the heart.
Answer: TRUE
Question type: True/False/Not Given Questions
Answer location: Paragraph F, line 3
Answer explanation: In the said paragraph, you can point out that “Ben Cameron also says that an attitude of invincibility is more dominant in males and is a predominant factor in the trend for fewer medical checkups in males and late diagnosis of chronic and terminal illness than in their more cautious and vigilant female counterparts.” Here, the term invincibility means the quality of being too powerful. Thus, invincibility has been paraphrased to indestructible, and the trend for fewer medical checkups has been paraphrased to their decreased likelihood to seek medical advice.
Answer: C
Question type: Matching Features
Answer location: Paragraph C, line 1
Answer explanation: Paragraph C puts forward the information that “traditionalists such as journalist Jim Howard contend that the turn-around in male attitudes which has led to the success of the industry would have been inconceivable a decade ago.” The term implausible means not seeming reasonable or probable; failing to convince. And the term from the question inconceivable a decade ago has been paraphrased to implausible, similarly, the term turn-around in male attitudes has been paraphrased in the question to male behaviour patterns have changed. Hence, we can infer that it was Jim Howard.
Answer: B
Question type: Matching Features
Answer location: Paragraph E, line 2
Answer explanation: According to Kim Sawyer, “media images and messages also add to pressures associated with the male image, stating that even in these modern and changing times, hegemonic masculinity is often idolized and portrayed as the definitive male persona.” Exacerbated means make a problem, bad situation, or negative feeling worse. In the given line it is mentioned that media adds pressure on society by presenting a male image where it idealizes the orthodox image of males. Therefore, we can deduce that media makes matters worse.
Answer: A
Question type: Matching Features
Answer location: Paragraph G, line 2
Answer explanation: Paragraph G provides the information that “Jamie Cawley, however, remains optimistic that the metro-sexual culture will continue and that what society accepts as the face of masculinity will continue to change. He attributes this to a male revolt against the strict confines of gender roles.” Hence, modern men revolt and display dissatisfaction with traditional images.
Answer: D
Question type: Matching Features
Answer location: Paragraph D, last line
Answer explanation: If you observe, in the said paragraph Professor Ruth Chesterton said, “in many situations, men may respond in a way they deem acceptable to society, given their perceived gender role, rather than giving what they may actually consider being the best and most objective response.” It is Professor Ruth who stated that men may respond in a way they deem acceptable to society. Hence, soceity’s definition of male behaviour may impede men’s decision-making and judgment.
Answer: B
Question type: Matching Features
Answer location: Paragraph B, last line
Answer explanation: If you read thoroughly, there’s a line in the said paragraph that describes “Kim Sawyer believes that future growth in the market can also be achieved through the sale of unisex products marketed to both genders.” Hence, Kim Sawyer believes there is potential in a market that makes no differentiation between products for males and females.
Clinical Trials Reading Answers (Passage 3)
Answer: tooth loss
Question type: Sentence Completion
Answer location: Paragraph A, line 2
Answer explanation: A line in the paragraph denotes the “scurvy, which causes softening of the gums, oral bleeding and, in extreme cases, tooth loss, is now known to present as a result of lack of Vitamin C in the diet.” The term extreme has been paraphrased to advanced. Hence, we can deduce that scurvy sufferers can experience tooth loss.
Answer: preventative properties
Question type: Sentence Completion
Answer location: Paragraph B, last line
Answer explanation: The entire sentence has been paraphrased here. In the passage, it states that “while the correlation between consuming citrus fruit and avoidance of scurvy was established, the preventative properties were attributed to the presence of acids in the fruit and not what would later be identified as vitamin content.” The term heralded means a sign that (something) is about to happen. Hence, we can deduce that preventative properties were thought to be given by the acids instead of the vitamins.
Answer: exhibiting symptoms
Question type: Sentence Completion
Answer location: Paragraph C, line 1
Answer explanation: If you read thoroughly, there’s a line that claims “Lind’s subjects for his trial consisted of twelve sailors already exhibiting symptoms of scurvy.” From this line, we can conclude that Lind conducted a clinical trial on seamen who were already exhibiting symptoms of scurvy.
Answer: common diet
Question type: Sentence Completion
Answer location: Paragraph C, line 2
Answer explanation: If you read thoroughly, a line in the passage specifies that “these individuals were split into six groups; each pair common diet. Pair 1 were rationed a daily quart of cider, pair 2 elixirs of vitriol, pair 3 a given quantity of vinegar, pair 4 seawater, pair 5 oranges, and a lemon, and pair 6 barley water.” It is mentioned that each pair was given a common diet by Lind. However, the diet quantity varied for each group.
Answer: C
Question type: Multiple Choice Questions
Answer location: Paragraph C, line 4
Answer explanation: The answer is clearly mentioned in the said paragraph and line. In the passage, it is said that “despite the trial having to be aborted after day five, when supplies of fruit were depleted, the findings of the interventional study showed that only the control group who were given fruit supplements showed any significant improvement in their condition.” The term depleted has been paraphrased to be used up in the question. Hence, the research was only conducted for five days because resources were used up.
Answer: B
Question type: Multiple Choice Questions
Answer location: Paragraph C, 2nd last line
Answer explanation: Paragraph C puts forward the information that “while the consumption of citrus fruit was recommended, it was often replaced by cheaper acid supplements.” Hence, we can conclude that the term supplement has been paraphrased to substitutes.
34.
Answer: A
Question type: Multiple Choice Questions
Answer location: Paragraph E, last line
Answer explanation: The last line of paragraph E suggests that “one of the greatest barriers to clinical trial procedures is the availability of subjects willing to participate.” Hence, this line confirms that one of the barriers/hindrances of clinical testing today is the low availability of volunteers.
35.
Answer: C
Question type: Multiple Choice Questions
Answer location: Paragraph F, last line
Answer explanation: Few lines in said paragraph discuss that the “usually healthy volunteers, is exposed to the drug. However, for HIV and cancer drugs, this stage is conducted using patients suffering from the condition in question.” The clinical testing is different for HIV and cancer patients because the testing is conducted on patients suffering from the conditions, and not on patients that exhibit no symptoms of the illness.
36.
Answer: pre-clinical
Question type: Flow Chart Questions
Answer location: Paragraph F, line 3
Answer explanation: If you observe, in the said paragraph to the fact that “phase 0 involves a first-in-human trial (usually conducted using a small population of ten to fifteen subjects) with the purpose of ascertaining that the drug’s effect is, in fact, the same as predicted in pre-clinical studies.” The phase 0 trials were conducted using 10 to 15 people, and assumptions predicted in the pre-clinical stage were accurate.
37.
Answer: sequence
Question type: Flow Chart Questions
Answer location: Paragraph F, 2nd last line
Answer explanation: A line in the said paragraph infers that “there are two main variations of Phase I testing, these being SAD (single ascending dose) and MAD (multiple ascending doses). The former involves a single administration of a drug at a pre-determined level to one group of subjects, and the second involves the administration of a pre-determined sequence of dosages.” Phase 1 trial consists of 2 approaches: SAD and MAD. The first testing comprises of one-off exposure to the drug and the second one consists of a pre-determined sequence of dosages.
38.
Answer: optimum
Question type: Flow Chart Questions
Answer location: Paragraph G, line 3
Answer explanation: In paragraph G, the author states that “Phase II is regarded as involving two sub-stages, in that Phase 11(a) may be concerned with establishing optimum dosage levels and Phase 11(b) to evaluate effectiveness.” Hence, it confirms that phase 2 of the testing was done to establish optimum quantities and evaluate effectivness.
39.
Answer: complex
Question type: Flow Chart Questions
Answer location: Paragraph G, line 4
Answer explanation: If you read thoroughly, a line in the passage specifies that “phase III is the most expensive (costly), time-consuming (protracted) and complex stage of the trial process.” Hence, this information helps us deduce that phase III of testing is the most complex.
40.
Answer: withdrawal
Question type: Flow Chart Questions
Answer location: Paragraph H, last line
Answer explanation: In paragraph H, the author states that “identification of harmful effects at this stage, on occasion, has led to the withdrawal of a drug from the market.” The term harmful has been paraphrased to a serious issue. Hence, it led to or resulted in withdrawal.
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