Bricks The Versatile Building Material IELTS Reading Answer

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Bricks The Versatile Building Material

A Bricks are one of the oldest known building materials dating back to 7000 BCE. The oldest found were sun-dried mud bricks in southern Turkey and these would have been standard in those days. Although sun-dried mud bricks worked reasonably well, especially in moderate climates, fired bricks were found to be more resistant to harsher weather conditions and so fired bricks are much more reliable for use in permanent buildings. Fired bricks are also useful in hotter climates, as they can absorb any heat generated throughout the day and then release it at night.

B The Romans also distinguished between the bricks they used that were dried by the sun and air and the bricks that were fired in a kiln. The Romans were real brick connoisseurs. They preferred to make their bricks in the spring and hold on to their bricks for two years, before they were used or sold. They only used clay that was whitish or red for their bricks. The Romans passed on their skills around their sphere of influence and were especially successful at using their mobile kilns to introduce kiln-fired bricks to the whole of the Roman Empire.

C During the twelfth century, bricks were introduced to northern Germany from northern Italy. This created the ‘brick Gothic period,’ which was a reduced style of Gothic architecture previously very common in northern Europe. The buildings around this time were mainly built from fired red clay bricks. The brick Gothic period can be categorised by the lack of figural architectural sculptures that had previously been carved in stone, as the Gothic figures were impossible to create out of bulky bricks at that time.

D Bricks suffered a setback during the Renaissance and Baroque periods, with exposed brick walls becoming unpopular and brickwork being generally covered by plaster. Only during the mid-eighteenth century did visible brick walls again regain some popularity.

E Bricks today are more commonly used in the construction of buildings than any other material, except wood. Brick architecture is dominant within its field and a great industry has developed and invested in the manufacture of many different types of bricks of all shapes and colours. With modern machinery, earth moving equipment, powerful electric motors and modern tunnel kilns, making bricks has become much more productive and efficient. Bricks can be made from a variety of materials, the most common being clay, but they can also be made of calcium silicate and concrete.

F Good quality bricks have major advantages over stone as they are reliable, weather resistant and can tolerate acids, pollution and fire. They are also much cheaper than cut stonework. Bricks can be made to any specification in colour, size and shape, which makes them easier to build with than stone. On the other hand, there are some bricks that are more porous and therefore more susceptible to damage from dampness when exposed to water. For best results in any construction work, the correct brick must be chosen in accordance with the job specifications.

G Today, bricks are mainly manufactured in factories, usually employing one of three principal methods – the soft mud process, the stiff mud process and the dry clay process. In the past, bricks were largely manufactured by hand, and there are still artisanal companies that specialise in this product. The process involves putting the clay, water and additives into a large pit, where it is all mixed together by a tempering wheel, often still moved by horse power. Once the mixture is of the correct consistency, the clay is removed and pressed into moulds by hand. To prevent the brick from sticking to the mould, the brick is coated in either sand or water, though coating a brick with sand gives an overall better finish to it. Once shaped, the bricks are laid outside to dry by air and sun for three to four days. If these bricks left outside for the drying process are exposed to a shower, the water can leave indentations on the brick, which, although not affecting the strength of the brick, is considered very undesirable. After drying, the bricks are then transferred to the kiln for firing and this creates the finished product. Bricks are now more generally made by manufacturing processes using machinery. This is a large-scale effort and produces bricks that have been fired in patent kilns.

H Today’s bricks are also specially designed to be efficient at insulation. If their composition is correct and their laying accurate, a good brick wall around a house can save the occupants a significant amount of money. This is primarily achieved today through cavity wall insulation. Insulating bricks are built in two separate leaves, as they are called in the trade. The gap between the inner and outer leaves of brickwork depends on the type of insulation used, but there should be enough space for a gap of twenty millimetres between the insulating material in the cavity and the two leaves on either side. The air in these gaps is an efficient insulator by itself. Cavity walls have also replaced solid walls, because they are more resistant to rain penetration. Because two leaves are necessary, a strong brick manufacturing industry is essential, so that enough good quality insulating bricks are plentifully available.

1 Fired bricks are not efficient in countries with hot weather, as they absorb too much heat.

2 Roman brick production was determined by which season it was.

3 The bricks that led to the brick Gothic period in northern Germany were popular with house builders.

4 Buildings showing brickwork were generally not liked during the Renaissance.

5 Some types of bricks can soak up too much water due to their absorbent qualities.

Making Hand-made Bricks

Combine the 6……………, water and other ingredients with a 7…………… to the desired consistency.

↓

Using the hand, fill 8…………… with the mixture-coat with 9…………… (provides a better finish) or water to prevent stickiness.

↓

Dry in the sun; try to avoid rain, which will cause marks in the bricks – this will no affect the bricks’ 10……………

↓

Fire the bricks in a 11………..; patent kilns/large-scale

Questions 12 and 13

Label the diagram below.

Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the text for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 12 and 13 on your answer sheet.

Bricks The Versatile Building Material IELTS Reading Answers

Now, you will find the answers along with the location of the answers in the passage and the keywords that help you find out the answers. Check out 'Bricks The Versatile Building Material' answers and assess your improvement for a high IELTS Reading band score.

1 Answer: False

Question type: True/False/Not Given

Answer location: Paragraph A, line 6 & line 7

Answer explanation: The selected lines say that “Fired bricks are also useful in hotter climates, as they can absorb any heat generated throughout the day and then release it at night.”. This tells us that fired bricks are actually efficient in countries with hot weather as they absorb heat. Hence, the answer is False.

2 Answer: True

Question type: True/False/Not Given

Answer location: Paragraph B, line 2-line 4

Answer explanation: In the quoted lines of Paragraph B, it is said that “The Romans were real brick connoisseurs. They preferred to make their bricks in the spring and hold on to their bricks for two years, before they were used or sold.” This points to the fact that Romans brick production was determined by season and so they preferred to do it during spring. Hence, the answer is True.

3 Answer: Not Given

Question type: True/False/Not Given

Answer location: N.A.

Answer explanation: Since there is no information whether the bricks that led to the brick Gothic period in northern Germany were popular with house builders or not, the answer is Not Given.

4 Answer: True

Question type: True/False/Not Given

Answer location: Paragraph D, line 1 -line 2

Answer explanation: In the quoted lines of Paragraph D, it is said that “Bricks suffered a setback during the Renaissance and Baroque periods, with exposed brick walls becoming unpopular and brickwork being generally covered by plaster.” This proves the fact that during the Renaissance bricks had a decline as people began to dislike brick walls and covered them with plaster. Hence, the answer is True.

5 Answer: True

Question type: True/False/Not Given

Answer location: Paragraph F, line 4 -line 6

Answer explanation: In the quoted lines of Paragraph F, it is said that “On the other hand, there are some bricks that are more porous and therefore more susceptible to damage from dampness when exposed to water.” This proves that some bricks soak up more water (porous) as they have absorbent qualities. Hence, the answer is True.

6 Answer: clay

Question type: Flowchart Completion

Answer location: Paragraph G, line 3 – line 5

Answer explanation: The mentioned line of Paragraph G says that “In the past, bricks were largely manufactured by hand, … The process involves putting the clay, water and additives into a large pit, where it is all mixed together….” As it is clear that to make handmade bricks in the past, clay, water and other ingredients were combined, the answer is ‘clay’.

7 Answer: tempering wheel

Question type: Flowchart Completion

Answer location: Paragraph G, line 4-line 5

Answer explanation: The given lines of Paragraph G say that “The process involves putting the clay, water and additives into a large pit, where it is all mixed together by a tempering wheel …”. It is clear that the process of making bricks by hand requires various materials like clay, water, etc to be mixed by a tempering wheel. Hence, the answer is ‘tempering wheel’.

8 Answer: moulds

Question type: Flowchart Completion

Answer location: Paragraph G, line 6-line 7

Answer explanation: The quoted lines of Paragraph G claim that “Once the mixture is of the correct consistency, the clay is removed and pressed into moulds by hand.” It is clear that once the clay mixture is prepared with the perfect consistency, the moulds are filled using the hand. Hence, the answer is ‘moulds’.

9 Answer: sand

Question type: Flowchart Completion

Answer location: Paragraph G, line 7-line 8

Answer explanation: The given line of Paragraph B says that “To prevent the brick from sticking to the mould, the brick is coated in either sand or water…” As it is clear that to prevent the clay from sticking to the mould, sand or water is used, the answer is ‘sand’.

10 Answer: strength

Question type: Flowchart Completion

Answer location: Paragraph G, line 10 – line 12

Answer explanation: The specified lines of Paragraph G says that “If these bricks left outside for the drying process are exposed to a shower, the water can leave indentations on the brick, which, although not affecting the strength of the brick, is considered very undesirable.” According to the lines, while drying in the sun, the bricks should not come in contact with water as it will leave marks on it without affecting its strength. Hence, the answer is ‘strength’.

11Answer: kiln

Question type: Flowchart Completion

Answer location: Paragraph G, line 12- line 13

Answer explanation: These lines of Paragraph G says that “After drying, the bricks are then transferred to the kiln for firing and this creates the finished product.” In light of the fact that the bricks are to be burnt in the kiln, as the final step, the answer is ‘kiln’.

12 Answer: leaves

Question type: Diagram Completion

Answer location: Paragraph H, line 5 – line 6

Answer explanation: The following lines from Paragraph H say that “The gap between the inner and outer leaves of brickwork depends on the type of insulation used…” From this reference, we can conclude that the diagram is showing the interior and exterior leaves which cover the insulating material on both sides. Hence, the answer is ‘leaves’.

13 Answer: 20 millimetres

Question type: Diagram Completion

Answer location: Paragraph H, line 6 – line 8

Answer explanation: The mentioned line of Paragraph H says that “…there should be enough space for a gap of twenty millimetres between the insulating material in the cavity and the two leaves on either side.” Based on this reference, we can conclude that the diagram is showing the insulating air space is 20 millimetres in size. Hence, the answer is ‘20 millimetres’.

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