Nature on display in American zoos, Can we prevent the poles from melting?, America’s oldest art? IELTS Reading Answers
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The IELTS Reading passage, Nature on display in American zoos, along with the other 2 Academic passages – Can we prevent the poles from melting? and America’s oldest art makes this a complete IELTS Reading practice test.
You will have 60 minutes to complete the whole test, which consists of 40 questions in total.
Here are the question types in this reading test:
Reading Passage 1 ( Nature on display in American zoos)
- IELTS True False Not Given
- IELTS Note completion
Reading Passage 2 ( Can we prevent the poles from melting?)
Reading Passage 3 (America’s oldest art?)
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Not sure how to answer True/False/Not Given questions? Check the complete guide to True False Not given IELTS Reading – Lessons, Tips and Strategy
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Reading Passage 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on the Reading Passage below. Find the practice test with the Nature on display in American zoos PDF here.
Nature on display in American zoos
Questions 1-7
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE, if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE, if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN, if there is no information on this
1 The concepts on which the Philadelphia zoo was based soon became unfashionable.
2 The opening of zoos coincided with a trend for people to live in urban areas.
3 During the period when many zoos were opened, the study of natural history became more popular in universities than other scientific subjects.
4 Cities recognized that the new zoos were as significant an amenity as museums.
5 Between 1940 and 1960 some older zoos had to move to new sites in order to expand.
6 In the 1970’s new ways of funding, zoos were developed.
7 There has been serious disagreement amongst historians about the role of the first zoos.
Questions 8-13
Complete the notes below.
Choose NO MORE THAN ONE WORD from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in blank spaces next to 8-13 on your answer sheet.
| • Up to 1940 |
More mammals and birds exhibited than 8…………………. 9……………………..were very popular animals in many zoos at one time. |
| • the 1940s and 1950s | Zoos started exhibiting animals according to their 10………………………. and where they came from. |
| • the 1960s | Some zoos categorized animals by 11………………………. |
| • the 1970s | 12 ………………………. were employed following protests about animal care. |
| • the 1980s onwards | The importance of 13……………………… became greater. |
Also check:
- IELTS Reading tips and techniques
- IELTS Reading recent actual test
- 101 IELTS Academic Reading past test papers
Reading Passage 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on the Reading Passage below. Find the practice test with the Can we prevent the poles from melting? PDF here.
Can we prevent the poles from melting?
Questions 14-18
Reading Passage 2 has six paragraphs A-F. Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter A-F in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
14 the existence of geoengineering projects distracting from the real task of changing the way we live
15 circumstances in which geoengineering has demonstrated success
16 maintenance problems associated with geoengineering projects
17 support for geoengineering being due to a lack of confidence in governments
18 more success in fighting climate change in some parts of the world than others
Questions 19-23
Complete the summary below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers In blank spaces next to 19-23 on your answer sheet.
Geoengineering projects
A range of geoengineering ideas has been put forward, which aim either to prevent the melting of the ice caps or to stop the general rise in global temperatures. One scheme to discourage the melting of ice and snow involves introducing 19 ……………………….. to the Arctic because of their color. The build-up of ice could be encouraged by dispersing ice along the coasts using special ships and changing the direction of some
20 …………………………. but this scheme is dependent on certain weather conditions. Another way of increasing the amount of ice involves using 21 …………………………… to bring water to the surface. A scheme to stop ice moving would use 22………………………. but this method is more likely to be successful in preventing the ice from traveling in one direction rather than stopping it altogether. A suggestion for cooling global temperatures is based on what has happened in the past after 23 ……………………….. and it involves creating clouds of gas.
Questions 24-26
Look at the following people and the list of opinions below. Match each person with the correct opinion A-E.
Write the correct letter, A-E in boxes 24-26 on your answer sheet.
24 Phil Rasch
25 Dan Lunt
26 Martin Sommerkorn
List of opinions
A The problems of geoengineering shouldn’t mean that ideas are not seriously considered.
B Some geoengineering projects are more likely to succeed than others.
C Geoengineering only offers a short-term solution.
D A positive outcome of geoengineering may have a negative consequence elsewhere.
E Most geoengineering projects aren’t clear in what they are aiming at.
Reading Passage 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on the Reading Passage below. Find the practice test with the America’s oldest art? PDF here.
America’s oldest art?
Questions 27-29
Choose the correct letter A-D and write them next to 27-29 on your answer sheet.
27 According to the first paragraph, the rock-art in Serra da Capivara may revolutionize accepted ideas about …………………….
A the way primitive people lived in North America.
B the date when the earliest people arrived in South America.
C the origin of the people who crossed the Bering Straits.
D the variety of cultures which developed in South America.
28 How did the ancient artists use the form of the rock where they painted?
A to mimic the shape of the countryside nearby
B to emphasize the shape of different animals
C to give added light and shade to their paintings
D to give the impression of distance in complex works
29 In the fourth paragraph, what does the winter say is unusual about the rock-artists of Serra da Capivara?
A They had a very wide range of subject matter.
B Their work often appears to be illustrating a story.
C They tended to use a variety of styles in one painting,
D They rarely made new paintings on top of old ones.
Questions 30-36
In boxes 30-36 on your answer sheet, write
YES, if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NO, if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN, if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
30 Archaeologists have completed their survey of the rock-art in Piaui.
31 The location of the rock-art suggests that the artists had a significant role in their society.
32 The paintings of animals show they were regarded as sacred by the ancient humans.
33 Some damage to paintings is most likely due to changes in the weather of the region.
34 The fact that some paintings wore buried is useful to archaeologists.
35 The tools found near some paintings were probably used for hunting animals.
36 The North American researchers have confirmed Niede Guidons dating of the paintings.
Questions 37-40
Complete each sentence with the correct ending. A-F below.
Write the correct letter A-F in blank spaces 37-40 on your answer sheet.
37 Materials derived from plants or animals …………………
38 The discussions about the ancient hearths ……………….
39 Theories about where the first South Americans originated from ………………..
40 The finds of archaeologists in Oregon …………………….
A giving rise to a great deal of debate among anthropologists.
B does not support the earliest dates suggested for the arrival of people in America.
C are absent from rock-art sites In the Serra da Capivara.
D have not been accepted by academics outside America.
E center on whether or not they are actually man-made.
F reflect the advances in scientific dating methods.
Answer Key with Locations and Explanations
Nature on display in American zoos IELTS Reading Answers (Passage 1)
1 Answer: False
Question type: True/False/Not Given
Answer location: Paragraph A
Answer explanation: Paragraph A explains the opening of the first zoo in the United States in Philadelphia in 1874, followed by the inauguration of zoos in more than one hundred American cities by 1940. The Philadelphia Zoo was more thoroughly planned and better financed than most of the hundreds of zoos that would open later. But in its landscape and its mission – to both educate and entertain, it embodied ideas about how to build a zoo that stayed consistent for decades. These lines reveal that the Philadelphia zoo was planned and financed in such a better way as compared to other zoos that it will not become unfashionable soon and will stay consistent for decades. Thus, the statement contradicts the information, so, the answer is False.
2 Answer: True
Question type: True/False/Not Given
Answer location: Paragraph A, line 5
Answer explanation: Paragraph A states the inauguration of the first zoo in Philadelphia followed by several zoos in more than 100 American cities within 1940. The 5th line of paragraph A illustrates that the zoos came into existence in the late nineteenth century during the transition of the United States from a rural and agricultural nation to an industrial one. We understand from these lines that the zoos were introduced during the transition of the US from a rural nation into an industrial nation in the late 19th century. Therefore, the statement agrees with the information, so, the answer is True.
3 Answer: Not Given
Question type: True/False/Not Given
Answer location: Paragraph C
Answer explanation: We find reference for ‘natural history’ in the introductory lines of paragraph C, which states that the fields of study which were previously thought of as ‘natural history’ grew into separate areas such as taxonomy, experimental embryology and genetics, each with its own experts and structures. We can understand that natural history was divided into separate areas, each with its own structure and experts. Thus, there’s no reference to the information that the study of natural history became more popular in universities than in other scientific subjects. So, the answer is Not Given.
4 Answer: True
Question type: True/False/Not Given
Answer location: Paragraph D, line 5
Answer explanation: Paragraph D illustrates the fact that the new zoos set themselves apart from traveling animal shows by stating their mission as the education and the advancement of science in addition to recreation. The 5th line states that the new zoos were emblems of civic pride on a level of importance with art museums, natural history museums and botanical gardens. These lines suggest that zoos were as significant an amenity as museums in the cities when they started their mission as education and advancement of science apart from recreation. Since the statement matches the information, the answer is True.
5 Answer: Not Given
Question type: True/False/Not Given
Answer location: Paragraph F
Answer explanation: The initial lines of Paragraph F states that although many histories of individual zoos describe the 1940s through the 1960s as a period of stagnation, and in some cases there was neglect, new zoos continued to be set up all over the country. We understand from these lines that the history of many individual zoos reveal that the period between 1940 and 1960 was a period of stagnation, despite that, many new zoos were established across the country. As a result, there’s no reference for the fact that some older zoos were moved to new sites for expansion, during 1940 to 1960. Thus, the answer is Not Given.
6 Answer: True
Question type: True/False/Not Given
Answer location: Paragraph G
Answer explanation: The introductory line of Paragraph G states that a new wave of reform was stirring by the 1970s. Popular movements for environmentalism and animal welfare called attention to endangered species and to zoos that did not provide adequate care for their animals. More projects were undertaken by research scientists and zoos began hiring full-time vets as they stepped up captive breeding programs. Many zoos that had been supported entirely by municipal budgets began recruiting private financial support and charging admission fees. We understand from these lines that new ways of funding were developed through popular movements for animal welfare by the 1970s. Several zood that were financially supported by municipal budgets began employing private financial support and charging admission fees. Thus, the statement agrees with the information, so, the answer is True.
7 Answer: False
Question type: True/False/Not Given
Answer location: Paragraph H
Answer explanation: The initial lines of paragraph H demonstrates that despite the zoos being popular, and proliferating institutions in the United States at the turn of the twentieth century, historians paid little attention to them. We can deduce from these lines that although zoos were popular in the 20th century, historians did not pay much heed to them. Thus, the statement contradicts the information, so, the answer is False.
8 Answer: Reptiles
Question type: Note completion
Answer location: Paragraph E, line 2
Answer explanation: The 2nd line of paragraph E states that American zoos tended to assemble as many different mammal and bird species as possible, along with a few reptiles, exhibiting one or two specimens of each, and they competed with each other to become the first to display a rarity, like a rhinoceros. We understand from these lines that the zoos tended to assemble as different mammal and bird species along with reptiles exhibiting one or two specimens of each, who competed with each other. Thus, the answer is reptiles.
9 Answer: Monkeys
Question type: Note completion
Answer location: Paragraph E, line 4
Answer explanation: We find reference in the 4th line of paragraph E, that in the constant effort to attract the public to make return visits, certain types of display came in and out of fashion; for example, dozens of zoos built special Islands for their large populations of monkeys. These lines indicate that to attract the public to make return visits, certain types of display came in and out of fashion, for instance, zoos built special islands for their large population of monkeys. So, the answer is monkeys.
10 Answer: habitat(s)
Question type: Note completion
Answer location: Paragraph F, line 4
Answer explanation: The 4th line of paragraph states that an increasing number of zoos tried new ways of organizing their displays. In addition to the traditional approach of exhibiting like kinds together, zoo planners had a new approach of putting animals in groups according to their continent of origin and designing exhibits showing animals of particular habitats, for example, polar, desert, or forest. These lines suggest that zoos tried new ways of organizing their displays apart from the traditional approach of exhibiting. Zoo planners had a new outlook, that is they put animals in groups as per their continent of origin and design exhibits displaying animals of specific habitat. Thus, the answer is habitat(s).
11 Answer: Behaviour
Question type: Note Completion
Answer location: Paragraph F, line 7
Answer explanation: The 7th line of paragraph F states that during the 1960s, a few zoos arranged some displays according to animal behaviour; the Bronx Zoo. We understand that during the 1960s, a few Zoos arranged some displays as per the animal behaviour. Thus, the answer is behaviour.
12 Answer: Vets
Question type: Note completion
Answer location: Paragraph G, line 3
Answer explanation: The 3rd line of paragraph G states that more projects were undertaken by research scientists and zoos began hiring full-time vets as they stepped up captive breeding programs. These lines indicate that research scientists undertook several projects, as a result of which they hired full-time vets, who stepped up captive breeding programs. So, the answer is Vets.
13 Answer: Conservation
Question type: Note completion
Answer location: Paragraph G, line 5
Answer explanation: The 5th line of paragraph G illustrates that in the prosperous 1980s and 1990s. Zoos built realistic ‘landscape immersion’ exhibits, many of them around the theme of the tropical rainforest and increasingly, conservation moved to the forefront of zoo agendas. We can deduce from these lines that from 1908s onwards, zoos were built based on the theme of realistic landscape and they were built around the theme of tropical rainforests, this showed the importance of increased conservation at that time. Thus, the answer is conversation.
Can we prevent the poles from melting? IELTS Reading Answers (Passage 2)
14 Answer: E
Question type: Matching Information
Answer location: Paragraph E
Answer explanation: The introductory lines of paragraph E states that the major counter-arguments to geoengineering schemes are, first, that they are a ‘cop-out’ that allow us to continue living the way we do, rather than reducing carbon emissions. We can deduce from these lines that the current geoengineering schemes distract humans from the real task of changing the toxic way we live. Thus, the answer is E.
15 Answer: B
Question type: Matching Information
Answer location: Paragraph B
Answer explanation: The initial lines of paragraph B illustrates that Geoengineering has been shown to work, at least on a small, localized scale, for decades. May Day parades in Moscow have taken place under clear blue skies, aircraft having deposited dry ice, silver iodide and cement powder to disperse clouds. We understand that geoengineering has demonstrated success on a small localised scale for years. For instance, reduced sunlight exposures, harmful gases in the atmosphere and global warming are negative consequences of geoengineering projects. Thus, the answer is B.
16 Answer: E
Question type: Matching Information
Answer location: Paragraph E, line 3
Answer explanation: The 3rd line of Paragraph E states that there’s the daunting prospect of upkeep and repair of any scheme as well as the consequences of a technical failure. These lines reveal the arduous prospect of maintenance problems associated with geoengineering projects. So, the answer is E.
17 Answer: F
Question type: Matching Information
Answer location: Paragraph F, line 1
Answer explanation: The initial lines of paragraph F states that the main reason why geoengineering is countenanced by the mainstream scientific community is that most researchers have little faith in the ability of politicians to agree – and then bring in – the necessary carbon cuts. Even leading conservation organizations believe the subject is worth exploring. We can deduce from these lines that the primary reason why geoengineering is possible by the mainstream scientific community is because most researchers have little faith in the ability of politicians to agree and then bring in the essential carbon cuts. Some of them also believe that the subject is worth discovering. It is evident that the government is forcing the geoengineering projects due to the lack of confidence in them for major projects for eliminating harmful emissions from the atmosphere. Thus, the answer is F.
18 Answer: A
Question type: Matching Information
Answer location: Paragraph A, line 4
Answer explanation: The 4th line of paragraph A states that currently, the only serious option on the table for doing this is cutting back on our carbon emissions, but while a few countries are making major strides in this regard, the majority are having great difficulty even stemming the rate of increase, let alone reversing it. We can understand that the majority of the countries are failing to cut back their carbon emissions. However, some countries are doing good to reduce carbon emissions in the atmosphere. These lines indicate that more success in fighting climate change in some parts of the world than others. So, the answer is A.
19 Answer: birch trees
Question type: Summary Completion
Answer location: Paragraph D, line 1 – 3
Answer explanation: The initial lines of paragraph D states that a number of geoengineering ideas are currently being examined in the Russian Arctic. These include planting millions of birch trees: the thinking, according to Kallio, is that their white bark would increase the amount of reflected sunlight. The loss of their leaves in winter would also enable the snow to reflect radiation. We can deduce that a number of geoengineering ideas are currently being determined by the Russian Arctic, including planting millions of birch trees, because their white bark would increase the amount of reflected sunrise and the loss of their leaves in winter would enable snow to reflect radiation. Thus, the answer is birch trees.
20 Answer: (Russian) rivers
Question type: Summary Completion
Answer location: Paragraph D, line 4
Answer explanation: The 4th line of Paragraph D states that using ice-breaking vessels to deliberately break up and scatter coastal sea ice in both Arctic and Antarctic waters in their respective autumns, and diverting Russian rivers to increase cold-water (low to ice-forming areas, could also be used to slow down warming. We can understand that an ice breaking vessel was used to break up and scatter ice in Arctic and Antarctic waters in autumns and distract Russian rivers to increase coldwater. So, the answer is Russian rivers.
21 Answer: Pumps
Question type: Summary Completion
Answer location: Paragraph C, line 2
Answer explanation: The 2nd line of paragraph C illustrates that one idea is to bolster an ice cap by spraying it with water. Using pumps to carry water from below the sea ice, the spray would come out as snow or ice particles, producing thicker sea ice with a higher albedo (the ratio of sunlight reflected from a surface) to reflect summer radiation. These lines suggest that by using pumps to carry water from below the sea ice, the spray would come out as snow. Therefore, another way of increasing the amount of ice involves using pumps to bring water to the surface. So, the answer is Pumps.
22 Answer: Cables
Question type: Summary Completion
Answer location: Paragraph C, line 4
Answer explanation: The 4th line of paragraph C elucidates that the Scientists have also scrutinized whether it is possible to block ice fjords in Greenland with cables that have been reinforced, preventing icebergs from moving into the sea. These lines indicate that scientists have verified if it’s possible to block ice fjords in Greenland with reinforced cables, preventing ice bergs from moving into the sea. Thus, the answer is Cables.
23 Answer: Volcanic Explosions
Question type: Summary Completion
Answer location: Paragraph B, line 6
Answer explanation: The 6th line of paragraph B states that the idea is modelled on historical volcanic explosions, such as that of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines in 1991, which led to a short term cooling of global temperatures by 0.5“C. These lines reveal that the idea is modelled on the volcanic explosions that led to a short term cooling of global temperatures. Therefore, a suggestion for cooling global temperatures is based on what happened in the past after volcanic explosions which involves creating clouds of gas. So, the answer is volcanic explosions.
24 Answer: C
Question type: Matching Features
Answer location: Paragraph E, line 5
Answer explanation: The 5th line of paragraph E illustrates the sayings by Dr. Phil Rasch, chief scientist for climate change at the US-based Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. He said, ’I think all of us agree that if we were to end geoengineering on a given day, then the planet would return to its pre-engineered condition very rapidly, and probably within 10 to 20 years,’. These lines clearly conclude the fact that geo-engineering projects only offer a short-term solution. So, the answer is C.
25 Answer: D
Question type: Matching Features
Answer location: Paragraph E, line 7
Answer explanation: The 7th line of paragraph E illustrates the sayings by Dr. Dan Lunt. He said, ‘I would consider geoengineering as a strategy to employ only while we manage the conversion to a non-fossil- fuel economy.’ ‘The risk with geoengineering projects is that you can “overshoot”, ‘You may bring global temperatures back to pre-industrial levels, but the risk is that the poles will still be warmer than they should be and the tropics will be cooler than before industrialization.’ These lines indicate a positive outcome of geoengineering, which might have adverse effects elsewhere. So, the answer is D.
26 Answer: A
Question type: Matching Features
Answer location: Paragraph F, line 3
Answer explanation: The 3rd line of paragraph F demonstrates, As Dr. Mortin Sommerkorn, a climate change advisor says. ‘But human-induced climate change has brought humanity to a position where it is important not to exclude thinking thoroughly about this topic and its possibilities despite the potential drawbacks. If, over the coming years, science tells us about an ever-increased climate sensitivity of the planet – and this isn’t unrealistic – they may be best served by not having to start our thinking from scratch.’ It is evident from these lines that Dr. Martin Sommerkorn saying that the problems of geoengineering shouldn’t mean that ideas are not seriously considered. So, the answer is A.
America’s oldest art? IELTS Reading Answers (Passage 3)
27 Answer: B
Question type: Multiple Choice Question
Answer location: Paragraph A, line 5
Answer explanation: We find reference for the rock-art in Serra da Capivara in Paragraph A, where the 5th line of paragraph A states that If correct, this is set to challenge the wide-field view that America was first colonized from the north, via the Bering Straits from eastern Siberia at around 10.000 BC. only moving down into Central and South America in the millennia thereafter. We can deduce from these lines that the current ideas of America being colonized from the north in 10,000 BC, and the South in the later millenia proved that the earliest people arrived much before in South America. So, the answer is B.
28 Answer: A
Question type: Multiple Choice Question
Answer location: Paragraph B, line 5
Answer explanation: The 5th line of paragraph B reveals that the artists depicted the animals that roamed the local ancient brushwood forest. The large mammals are usually hunted in groups and tend to be shown a running stance, as they try to escape from hunting parties. We can deduce that the artists illustrated the animals roaming in the local ancient brushwood forest in his paintings. Even the large mammals were hunted in groups, who were actually trying to escape from hunting parties. Thus, the artists painted whatever they observed in their surroundings which was then countryside. So, the answer is A.
29 Answer: D
Question type: Multiple Choice Question
Answer location: Paragraph D, line 5
Answer explanation: The 5th line of paragraph D states Adding further fool to the general debate is the fact that the artists in the area of the National Hark tended not to draw over old motifs (as often occurs with rock-art), which makes it hard to work out the relative chronology of the images or styles. We understand that the artists of Serra da Capivara did not draw over old paintings as occurred in the rockarts, which made it difficult to identify the relative chronology of the images or styles. This was not very common in the case of rock arts as artists drew over old motifs, that is they rarely made new paintings on the top of old ones. So, the answer is D.
30 Answer: No
Question type: Yes/No/Not Given
Answer location: Paragraph A, line 2
Answer explanation: The 2nd line of paragraph A illustrates that most of the art so far discovered from the ongoing excavations comes from the archaeologically – important National Park of the Serra da Capivara in the state of Piaui, and it is causing quite a controversy. We can deduce from these lines that the excavations are still underway and new artworks are being discovered in Serra da Capivara, which led to the incomplete survey. Here, ongoing refers to the continuation of the survey. Therefore, the statement contradicts the information, so, the answer is No.
31 Answer: Yes
Question type: Yes/No/Not Given
Answer location: Paragraph B
Answer explanation: The introductory line of Paragraph B states that prior to the designation of 130,000 hectares as a National Park, the rock-art sites were difficult to get to and often dangerous to enter. In ancient times, this inaccessibility must have heightened the importance of the sites, and indeed of the people who painted on the rocks. We can understand that it was challenging to enter the rock art sites before they were turned into a national park. In the ancient times, the inaccessibility to these sites increased its importance, where people painted the rock arts. These lines indicate that the artists had a significant role in their society. Thus, the statement matches the information, so, the answer is Yes.
32 Answer: Not Given
Question type: Yes/No/Not Given
Answer location: Paragraph B, line 5
Answer explanation: The 5th line of paragraph B illustrates that the artists depicted the animals that roamed the local ancient brushwood forest. The large mammals are usually hunted in groups and tend to be shown a running stance, as they try to escape from hunting parties. We can understand that the artists drew paintings which illustrated animals roaming in the local ancient brushwood forests and the large mammals being hunted in groups, while they also tried to escape from hunters. However, there’s no reference that animals were regarded as sacred by ancient people. So, the answer is Not Given.
33 Answer: No
Question type: Yes/No/Not Given
Answer location: Paragraph C, line 1
Answer explanation: The initial lines of paragraph C states that due to the favorable climatic conditions, the imagery on many panels is in a remarkable state of preservation. Despite this, however, there are serious conservation issues that affect their long term survival. We understand that the paintings are in a remarkable state as the climate conditions have helped in preserving most of the imagery on the panels. The characteristics affecting the preservation of the arts are conservation issues. The statement contradicts the information, so, the answer is No.
34 Answer: Yes
Question type: Yes/No/Not Given
Answer location: Paragraph C, line 5
Answer explanation: The 5th line of paragraph C states that these have then become buried and sealed into sometimes-ancient floor deposits. Perversely, this form of natural erosion and subsequent deposition has assisted archaeologists in dating several major rock-art sites. We understand that the paintings have been buried in floor deposits and the deposition due to the soil erosion has helped archaeologists to study these rock art sites and find their approximate dates. Thus, the answer is Yes.
35 Answer: Not Given
Question type: Yes/No/Not Given
Answer location: Paragraph C, line 12
Answer explanation: The 12th line of paragraph C illustrates that along with toe painted fragments, crude stone tools were found. These lines reveal that crude stone tools were found along with painted rock fragments in the excavations carried out, which are dated by Niede Guidon. However, there’s no reference that the tools found near some paintings were used for hunting animals. So, the answer is Not Given.
36 Answer: No
Question type: Yes/No/Not Given
Answer location: Paragraph D, line 2
Answer explanation: The 2nd line of paragraph D illustrates that several North American researchers have gone further and suggested that the rock art from this site dates from no earlier than about 3,730 years ago, based on the results of limited radiocarbon dating. We can understand from these lines that North American researchers have gone beyond and suggested that the rock art from the site dates from earlier than 3,730 years ago, on the basis of the results of limited radiocarbon dating. Thus, the statement contradicts the information, so, the answer is No.
37 Answer: C
Question type: Matching Sentence Endings
Answer location: Paragraph C, line 7
Answer explanation: The 7th line of paragraph C states that dating the art is extremely difficult over the non-existence of plant and animal remains that might be scientifically dated. We understand from these lines that dating the art is challenging over the non-existence of plant and animal remains that might be scientifically dated. Therefore, the materials derived from plants or animals are absent from rock art sites in the Serra da Capivara. So, the answer is C.
38 Answer: E
Question type: Matching Sentence Endings
Answer location: Paragraph D, line 1
Answer explanation: The initial line of paragraph D states that critics, mainly from North America, have suggested that the hearths may, in fact, be a natural phenomenon, the result of seasonal brushwood fires. These lines indicate that the North American critics are in favour that the hearths may be a natural phenomenon due to seasonal brushwood fires. Thus, it is evident that discussion about the ancient hearths center on whether or not they’re actually man-made. So, the answer is E.
39 Answer: A
Question type: Matching Sentence Endings
Answer location: Paragraph E, line 1
Answer explanation: The introductory line of paragraph E states that with fierce debates thus raging over to dating, where these artists originate from is also still very much open to speculation. The traditional view ignores the early dating evidence from the South American rock-art sites. In a revised scenario, some anthropologists are now suggesting that modern humans may have migrated from Africa using the strong currents of the Atlantic Ocean some 63.000 years or more ago, while others suggest more improbable colonization coming from the Pacific Ocean. We understand that the origin of South Americans have become a matter of debate amongst paleo anthropologists who have suggested that modern humans may have originated from Africa following the Atlantic Ocean while others suggested colonisation hailing from the Pacific Ocean. Therefore, the theories about where the first South Americans originated from giving rise to a great deal of debate among anthropologists. So, the answer is A.
40 Answer: B
Question type: Matching Sentence Endings
Answer location: Paragraph F
Answer explanation: The initial lines of paragraph F illustrates that despite the compelling evidence from South America, it stands alone: the earliest secure human evidence yet found in die state of Oregon in North America only dates to 12,300 years BC. We understand that although the evidence from excavations hints at the earlier colonisation of South America, the Oregon findings in North America do not support the earliest dates as the current dates of human evidence dates to 12,300 years.
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